The exponential growth of artificial intelligence (AI) has reshaped world economic, legal, and social structures, posing critical questions on how to control its deployment while protecting human rights. This paper studies legal responses to AI in key jurisdictions, the United States, European Union, China, and Canada, and their divergent regulatory philosophies. The EU employs a horizontal, rights-based approach based on ethics, data protection, and the "Brussels effect" that seeks to export its regime to the world. The United States follows a decentralized, market-centred regime combining federal guidance with various state-level experiments. China embraces a dirigiste approach with a focus on government control and data regulation via the PIPL, DSL, and CSL, with AI incorporated into judicial and administration proceedings. Canada, while circumspect, tests “regulatory sandboxes” and disclosure policies by courts to harmonize innovation with openness. Comparative studies show decentralized world governance and dangers of legal incompatibilities, imbalance in ethics, and digital disenfranchisement. The paper suggests the adoption of international standards on transparency, accountability, and fairness in algorithms; increased public-private partnerships; and capacity-building programs to make AI integration unbiased. Finally, the paper concludes that regulation of AI must transcend national borders, creating a consistent legal framework that harmonizes innovation with inherent rights, forestalls abuse, and fosters sustainable digital development. The paper is convinced that proactive, coordinated effort at a world level is the only way that AI can become a force for human progress instead of a dispenser of inequality and control.
Müəllif :
Aydan Abdullayeva
Nəşr tarixi : 2025
This study examines the similar and different aspects of the medical legislation of the Republic of Azerbaijan and the medical legislation of developed states. The research focuses on key legal areas such as patients’ rights, healthcare professionals’ responsibilities, medical ethics, licensing and accreditation of medical institutions, health insurance systems, and state regulation of healthcare services. The analysis shows that Azerbaijan’s medical legislation is largely aligned with international legal principles, including the protection of human dignity, the right to health, informed consent, and confidentiality of medical information. Similarities are also observed in the regulation of medical practice standards and public health protection. At the same time, significant differences exist in the scope of legal implementation, enforcement mechanisms, financing models, and the level of integration of digital health technologies. Developed states tend to have more comprehensive regulatory frameworks, stronger institutional control, and wider application of evidence-based medical law. In contrast, Azerbaijan’s medical legislation is still evolving, with ongoing reforms aimed at harmonization with international standards. The study highlights the importance of legal modernization, institutional capacity building, and comparative legal analysis for improving the national healthcare system and ensuring effective protection of patients’ rights. Medical law is the basis for protecting patients' rights and providing effective health services. This article compares the medical law system of the Republic of Azerbaijan with the models of the United States, Great Britain and Germany. Similarities stem from international bioethics standards (UNESCO Declaration) and emphasize patient autonomy, while differences arise from system models (state-centered vs. market/social insurance). The innovations of 2025 – changes to residency rules and penalties for illegal abortions in Azerbaijan, budget cuts in the United States, a 10-year plan in Great Britain, hospital reform in Germany – make the comparison relevant. The analysis is based on legislative documents and international reports, and provides recommendations for Azerbaijan.
Müəllif :
Milana Naghiyeva
Nəşr tarixi : 2025
Interpreting the 21st century, in which we live, from the perspective of world civilization, scientific literature describes it as a period of transition from one socio-cultural paradigm to another. Against this backdrop, personal data and its protection are becoming an important issue. An analysis of international acts shows that at present the main act regulating issues of personal data protection is the General Data Protection Regulation. It is no secret that today's increasingly widespread use of technology in many areas of everyday life and various professional activities creates the basis for the easy collection of personal data and expands the possibilities for its use in ways that undermine individual rights. For this reason, the protection of personal data has become an important element of human rights and freedoms and constitutional control of countries. Thus, the article examines the importance of constitutional supervision in the protection of both human rights and personal data.
Müəllif :
Ilgar Mammadli
Nəşr tarixi : 2025
The article is devoted to the study of the concept of obligations on non-cash settlements as one of the key elements of the civil law institute of non-cash settlements in a market economy. The author examines various interpretations and definitions of the concept of non-cash settlements existing in the legal doctrine. The author notes both advantages and shortcomings of the definition of non-cash settlements in the doctrine of law, given by various researchers and specialists. The review of legal doctrine, as well as legislation gives the author the basis to conclude that the legal doctrine to date lacks a comprehensive and complete definition of non-cash settlements. The author proceeds from the fact that in the legal sphere all definitions and concepts should have the character of formal certainty and be precise and clear. Indeed, the key importance of legal definitions is to legally formalize and regulate the public will. When considering the legal nature of non-cash settlements, the author notes that non-cash settlements are also characteristic to other branches of the national law system. Therefore, depending on this circumstance, the legal definition of this concept may also change. The author restricts the scope of his research to the formulation of civil law definition of non-cash settlements. He notes that in order to define a scientific definition of non-cash settlements in civil law, first of all it is necessary to determine its main features and characteristics. The author attributes such features. These are the existence of a special subject composition (banks and other credit organizations); the possibility of non-cash settlements with or without opening bank accounts; realization of non-cash settlements in accordance with the requirements of the legislation. The author offers his system of the main features of non-cash settlements. Based on the carried out analysis the author gives his own scientific definition of noncash settlements in the civil legal system of Azerbaijan.
Müəllif :
Uzeyir Gasimli
Nəşr tarixi : 2025
The expanding integration of digital technologies into the physical and administrative layers of modern cities has brought the smart city model to the forefront of urban development strategies. These environments rely on sensor-based infrastructures, interconnected operational systems, and continuous data circulation, forming complex digital ecosystems that reshape how public services function and how urban resources are managed. Yet the same technological density that enables efficiency also amplifies exposure to security breaches, intrusive data practices, and governance uncertainties. This study explores the legal dimensions of safeguarding these digitally dependent urban systems, with particular attention to how cybersecurity requirements intersect with data protection, infrastructural reliability, and the rights of city residents. Drawing on international regulatory experience, especially European approaches that integrate cybersecurity obligations with structured data protection rules, the article evaluates the capacity of Azerbaijan’s existing legal instruments to respond to the risks associated with smart city development. A comparative legal assessment reveals several gaps in national legislation, including fragmented responsibilities, limited procedural safeguards, and the absence of tailored norms for high-interconnectivity urban systems. Although Azerbaijan has established a baseline framework for information security and personal data handling, the operational complexity of smart infrastructures requires more adaptive, technically grounded, and enforceable regulatory measures. The article concludes by outlining direction-specific recommendations intended to strengthen legal resilience, refine cybersecurity governance, and support the secure and accountable development of smart city initiatives.
Müəllif :
Kamran Khalilov
Nəşr tarixi : 2025
This article examines the procedural and legal standards governing the application of medical coercive measures against offenders who are deemed legally irresponsible due to mental disorders. Focusing primarily on the Azerbaijani context, the study analyzes relevant provisions of the Criminal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure, including judicial practice, Supreme Court decisions, and Plenum resolutions such as the 2012 therapeutic intervention guidelines. By exploring these instruments, the article highlights the mechanisms available for balancing public safety with the rights and medical needs of individuals who are not criminally responsible. In parallel, the article considers European legal frameworks, with particular emphasis on the standards established by the European Court of Human Rights and national legislations of selected European countries. This comparative approach allows for the identification of best practices, procedural safeguards, and the ways in which European states reconcile the protection of human rights with societal interests in security and crime prevention. Through a critical comparison of Azerbaijani and European approaches, the study identifies gaps in national legislation, inconsistencies in procedural implementation, and challenges faced by judicial authorities in applying medical coercive measures. The findings underscore the necessity of harmonizing Azerbaijani law with international human rights standards, ensuring both effective protection of society and respect for the fundamental rights of legally irresponsible offenders. The article concludes with policy recommendations and legal reform proposals aimed at strengthening the procedural framework, enhancing judicial oversight, and promoting a rights-compliant approach to medical coercive interventions. By bridging the gap between national practice and European standards, the study contributes to the broader discourse on human rights protection, criminal justice reform, and the ethical treatment of mentally disordered offenders.
Müəllif :
Lala Mammadova
Nəşr tarixi : 2025
This article explores the distinction between public law and private law, which constitutes a fundamental element in the structural classification of legal systems. The relevance of the topic stems from the fact that the correct identification of whether a legal relationship falls under public or private law is not only of theoretical significance, but also directly affects legal practice, including the applicable legal norms, procedural mechanisms, available legal remedies, and most importantly, the determination of which court has jurisdiction over the dispute. Particularly in legal relations involving public authorities and private individuals, the lack of clear boundaries between public and private law gives rise to jurisdictional conflicts and divergent legal interpretations. The article provides a comparative analysis of the historical development and conceptual foundations of public and private law within various legal traditions, especially focusing on civil law and common law systems. Furthermore, it examines the legal framework and judicial practice in the Republic of Azerbaijan, identifying specific instances in which the distinction becomes practically significant and legally complex. The study emphasizes the need for stronger theoretical underpinnings, more systematic treatment in legal education, and clearer legislative criteria to delineate public and private legal spheres. It concludes that establishing precise legal criteria for distinguishing public and private law, and ensuring uniform interpretation in judicial practice, would enhance legal certainty, protect the integrity of legal processes, and contribute to the efficient regulation of legal relations. The research employs methods of systematic analysis, comparative legal study, and normative legal interpretation.
Müəllif :
Roya Mirtalibova
Nəşr tarixi : 2025
The article describes the discrimination and violence faced by imprisoned women, especially torture and cruel treatment. The main topic here is the situation in the criminal justice system that concerns women convicted, as well as women sentenced to imprisonment. It deals with the risks faced by women in the private sphere or society, and also emphasizes the important link between prison culture and society. Violence against women is often contained in social and cultural values and practice. Other groups of convicted women at risk of cruel treatment and torture include women with limited health, foreign citizens, ethnic and racial minorities, and women belonging to Indigenous Peoples. The criminal justice system and the legislature cannot completely avoid the impact of these values and therefore their attitude towards women has not always been as serious as their attitude towards other forms of violence. Thus, the possibility of cruel treatment and torture available to women in places of deprivation of Liberty is a problem that can not be solved only by work aimed at correcting the situation in these institutions. The root causes of the special vulnerability of women in penitentiary institutions are often found outside the walls of prisons, although in places of deprivation of Liberty this vulnerability is even greater. Women are not only vulnerable to torture and cruel treatment, they also have special needs in places of deprivation of Liberty, which, as a rule, are often neglected (for example, women's special medical problems) or are greatly aggravated by the fact of being in prison (for example, some female prisoners are rejected by relatives as a result of stigma associated with convicted women). In this context, the needs of female prisoners should also be taken into account. As a rule, the main responsibility for the care and upbringing of children is assumed by women, as a result of separation from the mother and co-existence with the mother in prison, the child can be greatly harmed. In this regard, for pregnant women and mothers with underage children, the need for maximum consideration of the interests of the child is increasingly perceived, with an emphasis on penalties not related to deprivation of Liberty.
Müəllif :
Gunay Hajiyeva
Nəşr tarixi : 2025
PACE, as the main consultative body of the Council of Europe, is a key structural unit that ensures the legal, political, and institutional foundations of the organization. Its organizational structure is formed within the framework of international legal norms and principles, based on values such as democratic legitimacy, the rule of law, and the protection of human rights. The Assembly's structure creates a functional integrity through its supreme bodies, executive and administrative mechanisms, and special committees and commissions. Proportional representation of each member state, transparency of decision-making mechanisms, and principles of political pluralism within the structure ensure the legal and institutional stability of PACE. This research systematically analyzes the organization of PACE's main bodies and functional units, their operational directions, and their compliance with international law. This structure is regarded as one of the institutional models of regional cooperation within international organizations.
Müəllif :
Karamat Ganbarov
Nəşr tarixi : 2025
The article explores the impact of technological innovations, in line with the demands and opportunities of the modern era, on human rights and highlights major challenges for the future. With the development of technology, issues such as privacy protection, censorship, artificial intelligence ethics, and similar matters come to the forefront. These issues generate various social and legal problems, both due to the rapid advancement of technology and the changing needs of society. It is emphasized that there is a growing need for more legal and ethical norms in these areas, and the importance of finding regulatory approaches that not only consider the positive aspects of technology but also its potential risks. The article broadly discusses how the rapid development of technology affects human rights and what can be done to prevent these impacts. It also explores the relationship between international law, ethics, and technological innovations, stressing that this connection will require more attention in the future. Furthermore, the article highlights the importance of international cooperation and the establishment of appropriate legal frameworks in regulating new technologies. Such regulatory measures can not only increase the positive impacts of technology on social, economic, and cultural fields but also minimize its negative effects.
Müəllif :
Asmar Panahova, Sona Khalilli
Nəşr tarixi : 2025
